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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Viticulture, table grapes, dried grapes and unfermented grape products 9 From vine to wine : a multi-trait experiment for increasing the varietal diversity in the bordeaux wine region. How to adapt to climate change without damaging terroir expression?

From vine to wine : a multi-trait experiment for increasing the varietal diversity in the bordeaux wine region. How to adapt to climate change without damaging terroir expression?

Abstract

Climate change is impacting wine typicity across the globe, raising concerns in wine regions historically renowned for the quality of their terroir. Replacing some of the plant material can be an efficient lever for adapting to climate change. However, the change of cultivars also raises questions about the region’s wine typicity. This study, based on seven years of data, investigates the potential adaptability of over 50 different varieties in the Bordeaux wine region. The criteria used for the “adaptability” of those varieties included phenology, resilience to drought and the balance between compounds impacting total acidity and ph during the ripening period (organic acids and cations). 25 red varieties were then isolated, and further analyses were conducted to assess their aromatic signature through the analyses of a wide range of aroma compounds analyses. Finally, sensory analyses were conducted to isolate varieties compatible with the bordeaux wine typicity. This exceptionally large study aims encompassing different traits from viticulture to oenology in order to isolate potential candidates to be introduced in the Bordeaux varietal mix as an adaptation to climate change, while respecting the Bordeaux terroir identity. Materials and methods data were acquired from two different experiments. The first one, vitadapt, is located in the Pessac-Léognan wine region (Bordeaux, France) and was planted in 2009 with 52 different white and red varieties. Phenology data, δ13c data and berry component evolution from veraison to maturity were collected from 2017 to 2023. The second experiment was planted in 2013 in the médoc wine region (Bordeaux, France), within the vineyards of a wine growing estate. 25 red varieties were planted and phenology data and the evolution of major berry components were collected in 2022 and 2023. Each of those varieties has been separately vinified since 2018 in 2hL stainless steel tanks, close to commercial wine production conditions. 46 major aroma compounds were then quantified in each variety for each vintage by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Different sensory analyses including check-all-that-apply, profiling and classifications were then conducted on those wines to characterize and assess their typicity. Results this study demonstrated that varietal diversity is a powerful tool to face climate change risks including spring frost, heatwaves, and global warming with later-ripening varieties being more adapted to future climatic conditions. Varieties were shown to be classified on a continuum of drought sensibility from very sensitive to less sensitive and this trait should be considered when new varieties are planted. Finally, this study largely focuses on the typicity of the wines which is a major trait to consider when terroir identity protection is concerned. It appears that some varieties are compatible with current wine typicity and as such can be considered as good candidates for a future introduction in the new bordeaux varietal mix. The same methodology can be applied to other historical wine producing regions around the world.

Dalla vite al vino: un esperimento multi-carattere per aumentare la diversità varietale del vigneto bordolese. Come adattarsi ai cambiamenti climatici senza danneggiare l’espressione del terroir?

Il cambiamento climatico sta avendo un impatto sulla tipicità dei vini in tutto il mondo, sollevando preoccupazioni nelle regioni vinicole storicamente rinomate per la qualità del loro terroir. La sostituzione di parte del materiale vegetale può rappresentare una leva efficace per l’adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Ma il cambiamento dei vitigni solleva anche interrogativi sulle caratteristiche vitivinicole della regione. Questo studio, basato su sette anni di dati, indaga la potenziale adattabilità di oltre 50 diversi vitigni nella regione vinicola di Bordeaux. I criteri utilizzati per stimare questa adattabilità includono la fenologia, la resilienza alla siccità e l’equilibrio tra i composti che incidono sull’acidità totale e il ph durante il periodo di maturazione (acidi organici e cationi). Sono state quindi isolate 25 varietà di uva rossa e sono state effettuate ulteriori analisi per valutare la loro firma aromatica attraverso l’analisi di un’ampia gamma di analisi dei composti aromatici. Infine, sono state effettuate analisi sensoriali per isolare vitigni compatibili con la tipicità del vino bordolese. Questo studio di portata eccezionale mira a comprendere diverse caratteristiche che vanno dalla viticoltura all’enologia al fine di isolare potenziali vitigni per introdurli nel vigneto bordolese al fine di offrire soluzioni di adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici, nel rispetto dell’identità della regione di Bordeaux. Materiale e metodi i dati sono stati acquisiti da due diversi esperimenti. Il primo, vitadapt, si trova nella regione vinicola di Pessac-Léognan (Bordeaux, Francia) ed è stato introdotto nel 2009 con 52 diversi vitigni bianchi e rossi. Dati fenologici, dati δ13c e evoluzione dei componenti dell’uva dall’invaiatura alla maturità sono stati raccolti dal 2017 al 2023. Il secondo esperimento è stato piantato nel 2013 nella regione vinicola del médoc (bordeaux, francia), all’interno dei vigneti di un’azienda vinicola. Sono stati piantati 25 vitigni a bacca rossa e sono stati raccolti dati fenologici e l’evoluzione dei principali componenti degli acini nel 2022 e 2023. Ciascuno di questi vitigni è vinificato separatamente dal 2018 in tini di acciaio inox da 2hL, in condizioni tali da riprodurre una normale produzione commerciale. 46 principali composti aromatici sono stati poi quantificati in ciascun vitigno per ciascuna annata mediante gascromatografia-spettrometria di massa (GC-MS). Su questi vini sono state poi effettuate diverse analisi sensoriali tra cui check-all-that-apply, profilazione e classificazioni per caratterizzare e valutare la loro tipicità.  Risultati questo studio ha dimostrato che la diversità varietale è un potente strumento per affrontare i rischi associati ai cambiamenti climatici, comprese le gelate primaverili, le ondate di caldo e il riscaldamento globale. Le varietà a maturazione tardiva sono molto più adatte alle condizioni climatiche future. E stato inoltre dimostrato che le varietà vengono classificate lungo un continuum di sensibilità alla siccità, da molto sensibili a meno sensibili, e questa caratteristica dovrebbe essere presa in considerazione quando si piantano nuove varietà. Infine, questo studio è largamente interessato alla tipicità dei vini che è un tratto importante di cui tenere conto nella tutela dell’identità del terroir. Sembra che alcuni vitigni siano compatibili con l’attuale tipicità dei vini e possano quindi essere considerati buoni candidati per la futura introduzione nell’uvaggio dei vitigni bordolesi. La stessa metodologia può essere applicata ad altre regioni vinicole del mondo.

De la vigne au vin : une expérimentation multi-traits pour accroître la diversité variétale du vignoble bordelais. Comment s’adapter au changement climatique sans nuire à l’expression du terroir ?

Le changement climatique a un impact sur la typicité des vins à travers le monde, suscitant des inquiétudes dans les régions viticoles historiquement réputées pour la qualité de leur terroir. Le remplacement d’une partie du matériel végétal peut être un levier efficace d’adaptation au changement climatique. Mais le changement de cépages pose également des questions sur la typicité viticole de la région. Cette étude, basée sur sept années de données, étudie l’adaptabilité potentielle de plus de 50 cépages différents dans la région viticole de Bordeaux. Les critères utilisés pour estimer cette adaptabilité incluent la phénologie, la résilience à la sécheresse et l’équilibre entre les composés impactant l’acidité totale et le ph pendant la période de maturation (acides organiques et cations). 25 cépages rouges ont ensuite été isolés et des analyses complémentaires ont été menées pour évaluer leur signature aromatique à travers l’analyse d’un large éventail d’analyses de composés aromatiques. Enfin, des analyses sensorielles ont été réalisées pour isoler des cépages compatibles avec la typicité du vin de Bordeaux. Cette étude d’une ampleur exceptionnelle vise à englober différents caractères allant de la viticulture à l’œnologie afin d’isoler des cépages potentiels pour les introduire dans le vignoble bordelais afin d’offrir des solutions d’adaptation au changement climatique, tout en respectant l’identité du terroir bordelais.  Matériel et méthodes les données ont été acquises à partir de deux expériences différentes. La première, vitadapt, est située dans la région viticole de Pessac-Léognan (Bordeaux, France) et a été planté en 2009 avec 52 cépages blancs et rouges différents. Les données phénologiques, les données de δ13c et l’évolution des composantes des raisins de la véraison à la maturité ont été collectées de 2017 à 2023. La deuxième expérience a été plantée en 2013 dans la région viticole du médoc (Bordeaux, France), au sein des vignes d’un domaine viticole. 25 cépages rouges ont été plantés et des données phénologiques ainsi que l’évolution des principaux composants des baies ont été collectées en 2022 et 2023. Chacun de ces cépages a été vinifié séparément depuis 2018 dans des cuves inox de 2hL, proches des conditions de production commerciale du vin. 46 composés aromatiques majeurs ont ensuite été quantifiés dans chaque cépage pour chaque millésime par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS). Différentes analyses sensorielles incluant check-all-that-apply, profilage et classifications ont ensuite été réalisées sur ces vins pour caractériser et évaluer leur typicité. Résultats cette étude a démontré que la diversité variétale est un outil puissant pour faire face aux risques liés au changement climatique, notamment les gelées printanières, les vagues de chaleur et le réchauffement climatique. Les variétés à maturation tardive étant bien plus adaptées aux conditions climatiques futures. Il a aussi été démontré que les variétés sont classées selon un continuum de sensibilité à la sécheresse, de très sensible à moins sensible, et ce caractère doit être pris en compte lors de la plantation de nouvelles variétés. Enfin, cette étude s’intéresse largement à la typicité des vins qui est un trait majeur à prendre en compte dans la protection de l’identité du terroir. Il apparaît que certains cépages sont compatibles avec la typicité actuelle des vins et peuvent à ce titre être considérés comme de bons candidats pour une future introduction dans l’assemblage de cépages bordelais. La même méthodologie peut être appliquée à d’autres régions viticoles du monde entier.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Marc Plantevin¹, Julien Lecourt², Lucile Dijkstra³, Agnès Destrac-Irvine¹, Cornelis van Leeuwen¹

¹ EGFV, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, France
² Bernard Margez Grands Vignobles, France
³ Château La Tour Carnet, France

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

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