terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Viticulture, table grapes, dried grapes and unfermented grape products 9 Viticulture between adaptation and resilience: the role of the Italian long-term observatories for vineyard energy, water and carbon budgets

Viticulture between adaptation and resilience: the role of the Italian long-term observatories for vineyard energy, water and carbon budgets

Abstract

Viticulture is exposed to a range of new stressors, that are challenging its sustainability and disrupting famous and well-established production regions. Steady increase of average temperature, recurring heat waves, altered rainfall seasonal distribution, drought spells, increased pathogens pressure, they all mix up with increased frequency, making every growing season a special challenge and calling for new approaches to cope with worrying scenarios. In the short- and mid-term, until the combined stresses will not exceed a bearable threshold, adaptation of vitivinicultural systems will be necessary, implementing various technical solutions, like advanced canopy management, modifications of training systems and – obviously – an increased use of irrigation. In the long run, however, only innovative approaches will be successful, possibly developing a truly resilient reaction.  In any case, a thorough knowledge of fundamental interactions between vineyards and their environment will be necessary, starting from a detailed description of energy and mass fluxes between soil, grapevines and the atmosphere and developing quantitative interpretative framework, useful to manage in a precise and efficient manner especially the canopy energy budget. In fact, this is the major determinant of plant organs temperature, with direct consequences on vine productivity and grape quality. Fortunately, technical progress today enable researchers to monitor continuously these processes, collecting crucial information on vineyard reactions to anomalous environmental conditions and, in general, to climate change.  In the presentation the activity of the two, long-term observatories deployed by the university of padua will be discussed. Both running sophisticated eddy covariance equipment, allowed a continuous monitoring of energy budget in two vineyards in northern italy, along with the assessment of actual evapotranspiration and net carbon dioxide fluxes. Established in 2014 and in 2015 and still running, they provide the longest time-series of these measurements available for vineyards, contributing to the advancement of a scientific and quantitative assessment of fundamental canopy processes, useful to tune up adaptation and possibly boost viticulture resilience, especially focusing on the net carbon budget (in relation to carbon farming) and water fluxes (in relation to irrigation requirements). For this important role, one of them is included in the european strategic research infrastructure icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), the network devoted to the assessment of the greenhouse budget of the european community.

Viticultura tra adattamento e resilienza: il ruolo degli osservatori italiani permanenti per i bilanci di energia, acqua e carbonio dei vigneti

La viticoltura è esposta a una serie di nuovi fattori di stress, che ne mettono a rischio la sostenibilità e sconvolgono zone di produzione famose e consolidate. Il costante aumento della temperatura media, le ondate di caldo ricorrenti, l’alterata distribuzione stagionale delle precipitazioni, i periodi di siccità, l’aumento della pressione degli agenti patogeni, si mescolano con crescente frequenza, rendendo ogni stagione di crescita una sfida speciale e richiedendo nuovi approcci per far fronte a scenari preoccupanti. Nel breve e medio termine, finché gli stress combinati non supereranno una soglia sopportabile, sarà necessario un adeguamento dei sistemi vitivinicoli, implementando diverse soluzioni tecniche, come la gestione avanzata della chioma, modifiche dei sistemi di allevamento e – ovviamente – un maggiore utilizzo di irrigazione. Nel lungo termine, tuttavia, solo gli approcci innovativi avranno successo, sviluppando possibilmente una reazione davvero resiliente.  Sarà in ogni caso necessaria una conoscenza approfondita delle interazioni fondamentali tra il vigneto e il suo ambiente, partendo da una descrizione dettagliata dei flussi di energia e materia tra suolo, vite e atmosfera e sviluppando un quadro interpretativo quantitativo, utile per gestire in modo preciso ed efficiente modo particolare il bilancio energetico della chioma. Questo, infatti, è il principale determinante della temperatura degli organi vegetali, con conseguenze dirette sulla produttività della vite e sulla qualità delle uve. Fortunatamente, oggi il progresso tecnico consente ai ricercatori di monitorare costantemente questi processi, raccogliendo informazioni cruciali sulle reazioni dei vigneti a condizioni ambientali anomale e, in generale, ai cambiamenti climatici.  Nella presentazione verrà discussa l’attività dei due osservatori a lungo termine realizzati e gestiti dall’università di padova. Entrambi, utilizzando la tecnica dell’eddy covariance, hanno consentito un monitoraggio continuo del bilancio energetico in due vigneti nel nord italia, insieme alla valutazione dell’evapotraspirazione effettiva e dei flussi netti di anidride carbonica. Istituiti nel 2014 e nel 2015 e ancora attivi, forniscono la serie temporale più lunga di queste misurazioni disponibile per i vigneti, contribuendo al progresso di una conoscenza scientifica quantitativa dei processi fondamentali della vegetazione, utile per ottimizzare l’adattamento e possibilmente aumentare la resilienza della viticoltura, concentrandosi in particolare sul bilancio netto del carbonio (in relazione alla coltivazione del carbonio) e sui flussi idrici (in relazione alle necessità irrigue). Per questo importante ruolo, uno di essi è incluso nella european strategic research infrastructure icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), la rete dedicata alla valutazione del bilancio dei gas ad effetto serra dell’unione europea.

La viticulture entre adaptation et résilience : le rôle des observatoires italiens à long terme des bilans énergétique, hydrique et carbone du vignobles

La viticulture est exposée à une série de nouveaux facteurs de stress, qui remettent en question sa durabilité et perturbent les régions de production célèbres et bien établies. Augmentation constante de la température moyenne, vagues de chaleur récurrentes, modification de la répartition saisonnière des précipitations, périodes de sécheresse, pression accrue des agents pathogènes, tout cela se mélange avec une fréquence accrue, faisant de chaque saison de croissance un défi particulier et appelant de nouvelles approches pour faire face à des scénarios inquiétants. A court et moyen terme, jusqu’à ce que les contraintes combinées ne dépassent pas un seuil supportable, une adaptation des systèmes vitivinicoles sera nécessaire, en mettant en œuvre diverses solutions techniques, comme une gestion avancée du couvert forestier, des modifications des systèmes de formation et – évidemment – une utilisation accrue de irrigation. Toutefois, à long terme, seules les approches innovantes seront couronnées de succès, et permettront éventuellement de développer une réaction véritablement résiliente.  Dans tous les cas, une connaissance approfondie des interactions fondamentales entre le vignoble et son environnement sera nécessaire, à partir d’une description détaillée des flux d’énergie et de masse entre le sol, la vigne et l’atmosphère et en développant un cadre interprétatif quantitatif, utile à gérer de manière précise et efficace. Manière notamment le bilan énergétique de la canopée. C’est en effet le déterminant majeur de la température des organes végétaux, avec des conséquences directes sur la productivité de la vigne et la qualité des raisins. Heureusement, les progrès techniques permettent aujourd’hui aux chercheurs de surveiller en permanence ces processus, en collectant des informations cruciales sur les réactions des vignobles aux conditions environnementales anormales et, en général, au changement climatique.  Dans la présentation, l’activité des deux observatoires à long terme déployés par l’université de padoue sera discutée. Tous deux équipés d’un équipement sophistiqué de covariance de foucault, ont permis une surveillance continue du budget énergétique dans deux vignobles du nord de l’italie, ainsi que l’évaluation de l’évapotranspiration réelle et des flux nets de dioxyde de carbone. Créés en 2014 et 2015 et toujours en activité, ils fournissent la plus longue série chronologique de ces mesures disponible pour les vignobles, contribuant ainsi à l’avancement d’une évaluation scientifique et quantitative des processus fondamentaux de la canopée, utiles pour affiner l’adaptation et éventuellement renforcer la résilience de la viticulture. En se concentrant particulièrement sur le budget carbone net (en relation avec l’agriculture carbonée) et les flux d’eau (en relation avec les besoins d’irrigation). Pour ce rôle important, l’un d’eux fait partie de l’infrastructure européenne de recherche stratégique icos (integrated carbon observation system, www.icos-cp.eu), le réseau consacré à l’évaluation du bilan de serre de la unione européenne.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Andrea Pitacco¹, Monica Canton², Franco Meggio¹, Nadia Vendrame³

¹ University of Padua – CIRVE – Via XXVIII Aprile 14, Conegliano, Italy
² University of Padua – DAFNAE – Viale dell’Università 16, Legnaro, Italy
³ University of Trento – C3A – Via Mach 1, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Innovative approaches in the evaluation of the spatial and temporal biodiversity of grape varieties from the Portuguese Bairrada appellation using LIMM-PCA: a study across five harvests

Sustainable viticulture and winemaking continue to represent huge challenges, where a better knowledge about the functional role of biodiversity in the vineyard and wine ecosystems is required, as well as the varieties plasticity. Particular attention should be devoted to the spatial and temporal interactions between authorized or recommended varieties for a specific demarcated region and clime and vineyard conditions (such as soil type, orientation of the lines, age of the vine, density of planting, harvesting practices, among others).

Critical investigation on additions to improve the sensory characteristics of dealcoholized wine

The demand for dealcoholized wine has been progressively increasing in recent years. Moreover, the attention for such products is probably increasing even more. Due to that increasing demand and market awareness the legal authorities are about changing rules for that products. Also, at OIV level, these products are being intensively discussed for certain time. The production of dealcoholized wine bases on wine as initial product. This wine is then reduced by physical methods to an alcohol content of less than 0.5% vol., or in other words, to less than 4g/l of alcohol. There are various technologies are possible for producing dealcoholized wine (Schmitt and Christmann 2019).

Study of the oenological potential of varieties resistant to cryptogamic diseases and drought to anticipate varietal selection in Occitanie

In the context of climate change and the growing need to reduce the use of phytosanitary products, the exploration of disease-resistant grape varieties and/or adapted to drought conditions is becoming crucial for the wine industry in certain regions of France, such as Occitanie. Currently, exploring the oenological potential of varieties by analyzing their biochemical composition before and after winemaking comes rather late in the varietal selection process.

Pierce’s disease of grapevines, a new threat to the wine industry in Southern Europe

Pierce’s disease (PD) is considered a potential threat to european viticulture (EPPO a2 list of pathogens since 1981). In the usa, infections caused by the vector-borne bacterium xylella fastidiosa have caused recurrent damage to vineyards in California and the southeastern states. However, vineyards in Europe have remained free of PD until recently, when it was first detected on the island of Mallorca in 2017. The reasons for the absence of PD in continental Europe have not been convincingly explained.

History of inorganic and isotopic signatures in Champagne over the last century: lessons

The notion of «terroir» refers to the link between the composition, quality and taste of a wine, on the one hand, and its place of origin, on the other. It involves, among other things, the signature of soil elements, as well as the influence of climatic conditions and plant material used. The composition of the wine is also influenced by the winemaking, storage and bottling processes. We were lucky enough to have a time series of the same champagne, from the end of the first world war to the present. On this exceptional time series, we followed, with the most advanced methods, all the elemental signatures by isotopic multi-dilution, the evolution of the isotopic ratios of heavy elements with very high precision of Sr, Pb, B and Cu.